Research Methods: Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis
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Discourse Analysis
Some discourse analysis are taught in linguistic departments (Johnstone, 2018)
Foucault (1972, 1980) use 'discourse' to refer to the ways of talking and thinking constitute ideologies (set of interrelated ideas) and serve to circulate power in society, and in the sense involved patterns of belief and habitual actions as well as patterns of language.
Johnstone, Barbara. 2018. Discourse Analysis (3rd ed.). UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Conversational Analysis
Definition
Conversation analysis is the study of interactional activities. The object being studied involves at least two persons.
Unit
conversation > sequence > adjacency pair > turn
types of adjacency pairs
- question - answer
- greeting - greeting
- offer - acceptance
- request - acceptance
- complaint - excuse
turn-taking feature
One involved in a conversation is supposed to give floor to the other party (parties) at a proper point of time. to keep the balance between the time one spends talking and the time the others spend talking.
pre-sequence
- courtesy phrases
- Summon-answer (Higgins: Mother? Mother: Yes?)
- Pre-announcement (A: Did you hear the good news? B: What?)
- Pre-invitation (A: Will you be free this weekend?)
- Pre-request (A: What are you doing now? B: Why? A: Could you help me with my paper?)
- Pre-closing (A: Oops, it’s already midnight,… B: Do you want to go home?)
- physical devices: patting, raising hands, coughing
insertion sequence
A: Are you coming tonight?
B: Can I bring a guest?
A: Male or female?
B: What difference does that make?
A: An issue of balance.
B: Female.
A: Sure.
B: Yeah, I’ll be there.
preference organization
| first part | second part | |
|---|---|---|
| preferred | dispreferred | |
| assessment | agree | disagree |
| invitation | accept | refuse |
| offer | accept | decline |
| proposal | agree | disagree |
| request | acccept | refuse |